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In January , the government brought in universal labour conscription, ensuring that all citizens aged between 16 and 50 had to work.
To Lenin's embarrassment and horror, in April the Bolsheviks held a party to celebrate his fiftieth birthday, which was also marked by widespread celebrations across Russia and the publication of poems and biographies dedicated to him.
Lenin was seriously ill by the latter half of , [] suffering from hyperacusis , insomnia , and regular headaches. Despite his illness, Lenin remained keenly interested in political developments.
When the Socialist Revolutionary Party's leadership was found guilty of conspiring against the government in a trial held between June and August , Lenin called for their execution; they were instead imprisoned indefinitely, only being executed during the Great Purges of Stalin's leadership.
During December and January Lenin dictated " Lenin's Testament ", in which he discussed the personal qualities of his comrades, particularly Trotsky and Stalin.
In Lenin's absence, Stalin had begun consolidating his power both by appointing his supporters to prominent positions, [] and by cultivating an image of himself as Lenin's closest intimate and deserving successor.
The most significant political division between the two emerged during the Georgian Affair. Stalin had suggested that both Georgia and neighbouring countries like Azerbaijan and Armenia should be merged into the Russian state, despite the protestations of their national governments.
In March , Lenin suffered a third stroke and lost his ability to speak; [] that month, he experienced partial paralysis on his right side and began exhibiting sensory aphasia.
The government publicly announced Lenin's death the following day. Against Krupskaya's protestations, Lenin's body was embalmed to preserve it for long-term public display in the Red Square mausoleum.
Lenin was a devout Marxist, [] and believed that his interpretation of Marxism—first termed "Leninism" by Martov in [] —was the sole authentic and orthodox one.
Lenin's Marxist beliefs led him to the view that society could not transform directly from its present state to communism, but must first enter a period of socialism, and so his main concern was how to convert Russia into a socialist society.
To do so, he believed that a "dictatorship of the proletariat" was necessary to suppress the bourgeoisie and develop a socialist economy.
Before , Lenin's views were largely in accordance with mainstream European Marxist orthodoxy. In his theoretical writings, particularly Imperialism , Lenin discussed what he regarded as developments in capitalism since Marx's death; in his view, it had reached a new stage: state monopoly capitalism.
Lenin believed that the representative democracy of capitalist countries gave the illusion of democracy while maintaining the "dictatorship of the bourgeoisie"; describing the representative democratic system of the United States, he referred to the "spectacular and meaningless duels between two bourgeois parties", both of whom were led by "astute multimillionaires" that exploited the American proletariat.
He declared that "Soviet government is many millions of times more democratic than the most democratic-bourgeois republic", the latter of which was simply "a democracy for the rich".
Lenin was an internationalist and a keen supporter of world revolution , deeming national borders to be an outdated concept and nationalism a distraction from class struggle.
Prior to taking power in , he was concerned that ethnic and national minorities would make the Soviet state ungovernable with their calls for independence; according to the historian Simon Sebag Montefiore , Lenin thus encouraged Stalin to develop "a theory that offered the ideal of autonomy and the right of secession without necessarily having to grant either".
Lenin saw himself as a man of destiny, and firmly believed in the righteousness of his cause and his own ability as a revolutionary leader.
He was an either-or, black-or-red exaggerator". Historian and biographer Robert Service asserted that Lenin had been an intensely emotional young man, [] who exhibited strong hatred for the Tsarist authorities.
White, Lenin treated their writings as "holy writ", a "religious dogma", which should "not be questioned but believed in".
Service stated that Lenin could be "moody and volatile", [] and Pipes deemed him to be "a thoroughgoing misanthrope", [] a view rejected by Read, who highlighted many instances in which Lenin displayed kindness, particularly toward children.
Despite his revolutionary politics, Lenin disliked revolutionary experimentation in literature and the arts, for instance expressing his dislike of expressionism , futurism , and cubism , and conversely favouring realism and Russian classic literature.
Lenin and Krupskaya both regretted that they never had children, [] and they enjoyed entertaining their friends' offspring.
Ethnically, Lenin identified as Russian. Volkogonov claimed that "there can scarcely have been another man in history who managed so profoundly to change so large a society on such a scale".
The historian Albert Resis suggested that if the October Revolution is considered the most significant event of the 20th century, then Lenin "must for good or ill be considered the century's most significant political leader".
In the Western world, biographers began writing about Lenin soon after his death; some—like Christopher Hill —were sympathetic to him, and others—like Richard Pipes and Robert Gellately —expressly hostile.
Some later biographers, such as Read and Lars Lih, sought to avoid making either hostile or positive comments about him, thereby evading politicised stereotypes.
Various historians and biographers have characterised Lenin's administration as totalitarian , [] and as a police state , [] and many have described it as a one-party dictatorship.
Conversely, various Marxist observers—including Western historians Hill and John Rees —argued against the view that Lenin's government was a dictatorship, viewing it instead as an imperfect way of preserving elements of democracy without some of the processes found in liberal democratic states.
Arch Getty remarked, "Lenin deserves a lot of credit for the notion that the meek can inherit the earth, that there can be a political movement based on social justice and equality.
Lih, and Fredric Jameson , advocate reviving Lenin's uncompromising revolutionary spirit to address contemporary global problems.
In the Soviet Union, a cult of personality devoted to Lenin began to develop during his lifetime, but was only fully established after his death.
Various biographers have stated that Lenin's writings were treated in a manner akin to holy scripture within the Soviet Union, [] while Pipes added that "his every opinion was cited to justify one policy or another and treated as gospel".
After Stalin's death, Nikita Khrushchev became leader of the Soviet Union and began a process of de-Stalinisation , citing Lenin's writings, including those on Stalin, to legitimise this process.
These were declassified and made available for scholarly study. In Russia in , a proposal from a deputy belonging to the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia , with the support of some members of the governing United Russia party, proposed the removal of all Lenin monuments.
The proposal was strongly opposed by the Communist Party of the Russian Federation. According to Lenin biographer David Shub , writing in , it was Lenin's ideas and example that "constitutes the basis of the Communist movement today".
After Lenin's death, Stalin's administration established an ideology known as Marxism—Leninism , a movement that came to be interpreted differently by various contending factions in the communist movement.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Russian politician, communist theorist, and founder of the Soviet Union. For other uses of "Lenin", see Lenin disambiguation.
For the poem by Mayakovsky, see Vladimir Ilyich Lenin poem. In this Eastern Slavic name , the patronymic is Ilyich and the family name is Ulyanov.
Serving with Pavel Dybenko. Lenin's Mausoleum , Moscow, Russian Federation. Nadezhda Krupskaya. Central institution membership. Military offices held.
Main article: Early life of Vladimir Lenin. Main article: Revolutionary activity of Vladimir Lenin. The uprising has begun. Force against Force.
Street fighting is raging, barricades are being thrown up, rifles are cracking, guns are booming. Rivers of blood are flowing, the civil war for freedom is blazing up.
Moscow and the South, the Caucasus and Poland are ready to join the proletariat of St. The slogan of the workers has become: Death or Freedom!
The [First World] war is being waged for the division of colonies and the robbery of foreign territory; thieves have fallen out—and to refer to the defeats at a given moment of one of the thieves in order to identify the interests of all thieves with the interests of the nation or the fatherland is an unconscionable bourgeois lie.
Main article: Government of Vladimir Lenin. To All Workers, Soldiers and Peasants. The Soviet authority will at once propose a democratic peace to all nations and an immediate armistice on all fronts.
It will safeguard the transfer without compensation of all land—landlord, imperial, and monastery—to the peasants' committees; it will defend the soldiers' rights, introducing a complete democratisation of the army; it will establish workers' control over industry; it will ensure the convocation of the Constituent Assembly on the date set; it will supply the cities with bread and the villages with articles of first necessity; and it will secure to all nationalities inhabiting Russia the right of self-determination Long live the revolution!
No doubt the peace which we are now being forced to conclude is an indecent peace, but if war commences our government will be swept away and the peace will be concluded by another government.
See also: Decossackisation. The existence of the Soviet Republic alongside the imperialist states over the long run is unthinkable.
In the end, either the one or the other will triumph. And until that end will have arrived, a series of the most terrible conflicts between the Soviet Republic and the bourgeois governments is unavoidable.
This means that the ruling class, the proletariat, if it only wishes to rule and is to rule, must demonstrate this also with its military organization.
Main article: Revolutions of — You must attempt first to build small bridges which shall lead to a land of small peasant holdings through State Capitalism to Socialism.
Otherwise you will never lead tens of millions of people to Communism. This is what the objective forces of the development of the Revolution have taught.
Stalin is too crude, and this defect which is entirely acceptable in our milieu and in relationships among us as communists, becomes unacceptable in the position of General Secretary.
I therefore propose to comrades that they should devise a means of removing him from this job and should appoint to this job someone else who is distinguished from comrade Stalin in all other respects only by the single superior aspect that he should be more tolerant, more polite and more attentive towards comrades, less capricious, etc.
Main article: Death and state funeral of Vladimir Lenin. Main articles: Leninism and Marxism—Leninism. We do not pretend that Marx or Marxists know the road to socialism in all its concreteness.
That is nonsense. We know the direction of the road, we know what class forces will lead it, but concretely, practically, this will be shown by the experience of the millions when they undertake the act.
He did not question old Marxist scripture, he merely commented, and the comments have become a new scripture.
His life became the history of the Bolshevik movement. The Lenin who seemed externally so gentle and good-natured, who enjoyed a laugh, who loved animals and was prone to sentimental reminiscences, was transformed when class or political questions arose.
He at once became savagely sharp, uncompromising, remorseless and vengeful. Even in such a state he was capable of black humour.
Biography portal Communism portal Politics portal Soviet Union portal. According to the old style Old Julian calendar used in the Russian Empire at the time, it was 10 April Russia converted from the old to the new style calendar in , under Lenin's administration.
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Brackman, Roman Portland, Oregon: Psychology Press. Lenin Reloaded: Toward a Politics of Truth. Davies, Norman []. London: Pimlico.
Fischer, Louis The Life of Lenin. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Hazard, John N. Law and Contemporary Problems.
Retrieved 8 August Lee, Stephen J. Lenin and Revolutionary Russia. London: Routledge. Leggett, George The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police.
Oxford: Oxford University Press. Lerner, Vladimir; Finkelstein, Y. European Journal of Neurology. Goldstein, Erik Hall, Richard C.
Consumed by War: European Conflict in the 20th Century. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. Liebman, Marcel []. Leninism Under Lenin.
Translated by Brian Pearce. London: Jonathan Cape. Merridale, Catherine Lenin on the Train. London: Penguin Books. Montefiore, Simon Sebag Young Stalin.
Lewin, Moshe Lenin's Last Struggle. Translated by Sheridan Smith, A. London: Faber and Faber.
Lih, Lars T. Critical Lives. London: Reaktion Books. Page, Stanley W. The Slavonic and East European Review. Petrovsky-Shtern, Yohanan Lenin's Jewish Question.
Pipes, Richard The Russian Revolution: — London: Collins Harvill. Rappaport, Helen Conspirator: Lenin in Exile. New York: Basic Books.
Read, Christopher Lenin: A Revolutionary Life. Routledge Historical Biographies. Rice, Christopher Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary.
London: Cassell. Rigby, T. Lenin's Government: Sovnarkom — Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Ryan, James Sandle, Mark A Short History of Soviet Socialism. London: UCL Press. Schmermund, Elizabeth; Edwards, Judith Vladimir Lenin and the Russian Revolution.
Enslow Publishing. Sebestyen, Victor Lenin the Dictator: An Intimate Portrait. Service, Robert Lenin: A Biography.
London: Macmillan. Shub, David Lenin: A Biography revised ed. London: Pelican. Theen, Rolf Lenin: Genesis and Development of a Revolutionary.
Tumarkin, Nina Lenin Lives! The Lenin Cult in Soviet Russia enlarged ed. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Volkogonov, Dmitri Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: HarperCollins.
White, James D. Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. European History in Perspective. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave. Ali, Tariq Cliff, Tony Building the Party: Lenin, — Chicago: Haymarket Books.
She was the youngest and she had a husband who ran away to sea and the war was on and she couldn't cope with me, and I ended up living with her elder sister.
Now those women were fantastic And that was my first feminist education I would infiltrate the other boys' minds. I could say, "Parents are not gods because I don't live with mine and, therefore, I know.
He regularly visited his cousin, Stanley Parkes, who lived in Fleetwood and took him on trips to local cinemas. Parkes recalled, "John, cousin Leila and I were very close.
From Edinburgh we would drive up to the family croft at Durness , which was from about the time John was nine years old until he was about Lennon was raised as an Anglican and attended Dovedale Primary School.
In , Julia bought John his first guitar. The instrument was an inexpensive Gallotone Champion acoustic for which she lent her son five pounds and ten shillings on the condition that the guitar be delivered to her own house and not Mimi's, knowing well that her sister was not supportive of her son's musical aspirations.
On 15 July , Julia Lennon was struck and killed by a car while she was walking home after visiting the Smiths' house. Lennon's senior school years were marked by a shift in his behaviour.
Teachers at Quarry Bank High School described him thus: "He has too many wrong ambitions and his energy is often misplaced", and "His work always lacks effort.
Lennon failed his O-level examinations, and was accepted into the Liverpool College of Art after his aunt and headmaster intervened. At the age of 15, Lennon formed a skiffle group , the Quarrymen.
Lennon then asked McCartney to join the band. McCartney said that Aunt Mimi "was very aware that John's friends were lower class", and would often patronise him when he arrived to visit Lennon.
McCartney recommended that his friend George Harrison become the lead guitarist. McCartney engineered an audition on the upper deck of a Liverpool bus, where Harrison played " Raunchy " for Lennon and was asked to join.
In August that year, the Beatles were engaged for a night residency in Hamburg , in West Germany, and were desperately in need of a drummer.
They asked Pete Best to join them. As with the other band members, Lennon was introduced to Preludin while in Hamburg, [48] and regularly took the drug as a stimulant during their long, overnight performances.
Brian Epstein managed the Beatles from until his death in He had no previous experience managing artists, but he had a strong influence on the group's dress code and attitude on stage.
They recorded their debut album, Please Please Me , in under 10 hours on 11 February , [52] a day when Lennon was suffering the effects of a cold, [53] which is evident in the vocal on the last song to be recorded that day, " Twist and Shout ".
With a few exceptions, one being the album title itself, Lennon had yet to bring his love of wordplay to bear on his song lyrics, saying: "We were just writing songs And the words were almost irrelevant".
We all looked up to John. He was older and he was very much the leader; he was the quickest wit and the smartest. The Beatles achieved mainstream success in the UK early in Lennon was on tour when his first son, Julian , was born in April.
During their Royal Variety Show performance, which was attended by the Queen Mother and other British royalty, Lennon poked fun at the audience: "For our next song, I'd like to ask for your help.
For the people in the cheaper seats, clap your hands A two-year period of constant touring, filmmaking, and songwriting followed, during which Lennon wrote two books, In His Own Write and A Spaniard in the Works.
Lennon grew concerned that fans who attended Beatles concerts were unable to hear the music above the screaming of fans, and that the band's musicianship was beginning to suffer as a result.
It was me singing 'help'". Later, in a lift at a nightclub, they all believed it was on fire; Lennon recalled: "We were all screaming It will vanish and shrink We're more popular than Jesus now — I don't know which will go first, rock and roll or Christianity.
The furore that followed, which included the burning of Beatles records, Ku Klux Klan activity and threats against Lennon, contributed to the band's decision to stop touring.
After the band's final concert on 29 August , Lennon filmed the anti-war black comedy How I Won the War — his only appearance in a non-Beatles feature film — before rejoining his bandmates for an extended period of recording, beginning in November.
Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band , which revealed lyrics by Lennon that contrasted strongly with the simple love songs of the group's early years.
After the Beatles were introduced to the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi , the group attended an August weekend of personal instruction at his Transcendental Meditation seminar in Bangor , Wales.
I was scared — I thought, 'We've fucking had it now. While the film itself proved to be their first critical flop, its soundtrack release , featuring Lennon's Lewis Carroll -inspired " I Am the Walrus ", was a success.
Led by Harrison and Lennon's interest, the Beatles travelled to the Maharishi's ashram in India in February for further guidance. Lennon described the venture as an attempt to achieve "artistic freedom within a business structure".
The song's pacifist message led to ridicule from political radicals in the New Left press. He was especially pleased with his songwriting contributions to the double album and identified it as a superior work to Sgt.
The group also backed a vocal performance by Ono. A film version was released in By late , Lennon's increased drug use and growing preoccupation with Ono, combined with the Beatles' inability to agree on how the company should be run, left Apple in need of professional management.
Lennon asked Lord Beeching to take on the role, but he declined, advising Lennon to go back to making records.
Lennon was approached by Allen Klein , who had managed the Rolling Stones and other bands during the British Invasion. In early , Klein was appointed as Apple's chief executive by Lennon, Harrison and Starr, [87] but McCartney never signed the management contract.
Between and , Lennon released the singles "Give Peace a Chance", which was widely adopted as an anti- Vietnam War anthem, [92] " Cold Turkey ", which documented his withdrawal symptoms after he became addicted to heroin, [93] and " Instant Karma!
This gesture had no effect on his MBE status, which could not be renounced. Lennon left the Beatles in September , [] but agreed not to inform the media while the group renegotiated their recording contract.
He was outraged that McCartney publicised his own departure on releasing his debut solo album in April Lennon's reaction was, "Jesus Christ!
He gets all the credit for it! I disbanded it. It's as simple as that. After Brian Epstein died we collapsed. Paul took over and supposedly led us.
But what is leading us when we went round in circles? Designed to release emotional pain from early childhood, the therapy entailed two half-days a week with Janov for four months; he had wanted to treat the couple for longer, but they felt no need to continue and returned to London.
In his lyrics to the song, Lennon reversed the non-confrontational approach he had espoused in "Revolution", although he later disowned "Power to the People", saying that it was borne out of guilt and a desire for approval from radicals such as Ali.
Eager for a major commercial success, Lennon adopted a more accessible sound for his next album, Imagine The administration embarked on what would be a four-year attempt to deport him.
A double LP, it contained songs about women's rights, race relations, Britain's role in Northern Ireland and Lennon's difficulties in obtaining a green card.
Many radio stations refused to broadcast the song because of the word " nigger ". Ono's song " Death of Samantha " was inspired by the incident.
While Lennon was recording Mind Games in , he and Ono decided to separate. The ensuing month period apart, which he later called his " lost weekend ", [] was spent in Los Angeles and New York City in the company of May Pang.
Mind Games , credited to the "Plastic U. Ono Band", was released in November Lennon also contributed " I'm the Greatest " to Starr's album Ringo , released the same month.
With Harrison joining Starr and Lennon at the recording session for the song, it marked the only occasion when three former Beatles recorded together between the band's break-up and Lennon's death.
In early , Lennon was drinking heavily and his alcohol-fuelled antics with Harry Nilsson made headlines. In March, two widely publicised incidents occurred at The Troubadour club.
In the first incident, Lennon stuck an unused menstrual pad on his forehead and scuffled with a waitress. The second incident occurred two weeks later, when Lennon and Nilsson were ejected from the same club after heckling the Smothers Brothers.
Lennon had settled back in New York when he recorded the album Walls and Bridges. Released in October , it included " Whatever Gets You thru the Night ", which featured Elton John on backing vocals and piano, and became Lennon's only single as a solo artist to top the US Billboard Hot chart during his lifetime.
Starr's Goodnight Vienna again saw assistance from Lennon, who wrote the title track and played piano. Lennon co-wrote " Fame ", David Bowie 's first US number one, and provided guitar and backing vocals for the January recording.
Winston O'Boogie". He and Ono were reunited shortly afterwards. Lennon released Rock 'n' Roll , an album of cover songs, in February.
Sean was Lennon's only child with Ono. Sean was born on 9 October Lennon's thirty-fifth birthday , and John took on the role of househusband.
Lennon began what would be a five-year hiatus from the music industry, during which time, he later said, he "baked bread" and "looked after the baby".
Lennon emerged from his five-year interruption in music recording in October , when he released the single " Just Like Starting Over ".
The following month saw the release of Double Fantasy , which contained songs written during the summer of , spent in Bermuda. Lennon sailed a foot sailing boat with his younger son in June journey to the British colony, where they briefly lived at Knapton Hill before local businessman Rolf Oskar Luthi vacated his Undercliff , his home at Fairylands, to enable the Lennons to take up temporary residence.
The music reflected Lennon's fulfilment in his new-found stable family life. They exited the vehicle and walked through the archway of the building when Chapman shot Lennon twice in the back and twice in the shoulder [] at close range.
Ono issued a statement the next day, saying "There is no funeral for John", ending it with the words, "John loved and prayed for the human race.
Please do the same for him. Lennon met Cynthia Powell — in , when they were fellow students at the Liverpool College of Art.
Lennon asked her out, but when she said that she was engaged, he shouted, "I didn't ask you to fuckin' marry me, did I?
He said that the Beatles song " Getting Better " told his own story, "I used to be cruel to my woman, and physically — any woman.
I was a hitter. I couldn't express myself and I hit. I fought men and I hit women. That is why I am always on about peace.
Recalling his July reaction when he learned that Cynthia was pregnant, Lennon said, "There's only one thing for it Cyn.
We'll have to get married. His marriage began just as Beatlemania was taking off across the UK. He performed on the evening of his wedding day and would continue to do so almost daily from then on.
Julian was born on 8 April ; Lennon was on tour at the time and did not see his infant son until three days later. Cynthia attributed the start of the marriage breakdown to Lennon's use of LSD , and she felt that he slowly lost interest in her as a result of his use of the drug.
She later recalled how the incident seemed to symbolise the end of their marriage. Alexis Mardas later claimed to have had sex with her that night, and a few weeks later he informed her that Lennon was seeking a divorce and custody of Julian on the grounds of her adultery with him.
After negotiations, Lennon capitulated and agreed to let her divorce him on the same grounds. The Beatles were performing at Liverpool's Cavern Club in November when they were introduced to Brian Epstein after a midday concert.
Epstein was homosexual, and according to biographer Philip Norman , one of Epstein's reasons for wanting to manage the group was that he was attracted to Lennon.
Almost as soon as Julian was born, Lennon went on holiday to Spain with Epstein, which led to speculation about their relationship.
When he was later questioned about it, Lennon said, "Well, it was almost a love affair, but not quite. It was never consummated. But it was a pretty intense relationship.
It was my first experience with a homosexual that I was conscious was homosexual. Do you like this one? Lennon delighted in mocking Epstein for his homosexuality and for the fact that he was Jewish.
If not, you're the only bugger in London who hasn't. During his marriage to Cynthia, Lennon's first son Julian was born at the same time that his commitments with the Beatles were intensifying at the height of Beatlemania.
Lennon was touring with the Beatles when Julian was born on 8 April Julian's birth, like his mother Cynthia's marriage to Lennon, was kept secret because Epstein was convinced that public knowledge of such things would threaten the Beatles' commercial success.
Julian recalled that as a small child in Weybridge some four years later, "I was trundled home from school and came walking up with one of my watercolour paintings.
It was just a bunch of stars and this blonde girl I knew at school. And Dad said, 'What's this? It would evolve into the Beatles song " Hey Jude ".
Lennon later said, "That's his best song. It started off as a song about my son Julian I always thought it was about me and Yoko but he said it wasn't.
Lennon's relationship with Julian was already strained, and after Lennon and Ono moved to New York in , Julian did not see his father again until In a Playboy interview with David Sheff shortly before his death, Lennon said, "Sean is a planned child, and therein lies the difference.
I don't love Julian any less as a child. He's still my son, whether he came from a bottle of whiskey or because they didn't have pills in those days.
He's here, he belongs to me, and he always will. They were introduced by gallery owner John Dunbar. Although the exhibition had not yet begun, Lennon wanted to hammer a nail into the clean board, but Ono stopped him.
Dunbar asked her, "Don't you know who this is? He's a millionaire! He might buy it. Ono began to telephone and visit Lennon at his home.
When Cynthia asked him for an explanation, Lennon explained that Ono was only trying to obtain money for her "avant-garde bullshit".
They spent the night recording what would become the Two Virgins album, after which, he said, they "made love at dawn". Two years before the Beatles disbanded, Lennon and Ono began public protests against the Vietnam War.
They were married in Gibraltar on 20 March , [] and spent their honeymoon at the Hilton Amsterdam , campaigning with a week-long Bed-In for Peace.
The brief ceremony took place on the roof of the Apple Corps building, where the Beatles had performed their rooftop concert three months earlier.
Although he used the name John Ono Lennon thereafter, official documents referred to him as John Winston Ono Lennon, since he was not permitted to revoke a name given at birth.
Klein hired May Pang as a receptionist in She became their personal assistant. In , after she had been working with the couple for three years, Ono confided that she and Lennon were becoming estranged.
She went on to suggest that Pang should begin a physical relationship with Lennon, telling her, "He likes you a lot.
The pair soon left for Los Angeles, beginning an month period he later called his " lost weekend ". While Lennon was drinking with Nilsson, he misunderstood something that Pang had said and attempted to strangle her.
Lennon relented only after he was physically restrained by Nilsson. In June, Lennon and Pang returned to Manhattan in their newly rented penthouse apartment where they prepared a spare room for Julian when he visited them.
By December, he and Pang were considering a house purchase, and he refused to accept Ono's telephone calls. In January , he agreed to meet Ono, who claimed to have found a cure for smoking.
After the meeting, he failed to return home or call Pang. When Pang telephoned the next day, Ono told her that Lennon was unavailable because he was exhausted after a hypnotherapy session.
Two days later, Lennon reappeared at a joint dental appointment; he was stupefied and confused to such an extent that Pang believed he had been brainwashed.
Lennon told Pang that his separation from Ono was now over, although Ono would allow him to continue seeing her as his mistress. Ono had previously suffered three miscarriages in her attempt to have a child with Lennon.
When Ono and Lennon were reunited, she became pregnant again. She initially said that she wanted to have an abortion but changed her mind and agreed to allow the pregnancy to continue on the condition that Lennon adopt the role of househusband , which he agreed to do.
Following Sean's birth, Lennon's subsequent hiatus from the music industry would span five years. He had a photographer take pictures of Sean every day of his first year and created numerous drawings for him, which were posthumously published as Real Love: The Drawings for Sean.
Lennon later proudly declared, "He didn't come out of my belly but, by God, I made his bones, because I've attended to every meal, and to how he sleeps, and to the fact that he swims like a fish.
While Lennon and Starr remained consistently friendly during the years that followed the Beatles' break-up in , his relationships with McCartney and Harrison varied.
He was initially close to Harrison, but the two drifted apart after Lennon moved to the US in When Harrison was in New York for his December Dark Horse tour, Lennon agreed to join him on stage but failed to appear after an argument over Lennon's refusal to sign an agreement that would finally dissolve the Beatles' legal partnership.
By glaring omission I'm not in the book. Lennon's most intense feelings were reserved for McCartney. In addition to attacking him with the lyrics of " How Do You Sleep?
The two later began to reestablish something of the close friendship they had once known, and in , they even played music together again before eventually growing apart once more.
That ain't bad picking. Along with his estrangement from McCartney, Lennon always felt a musical competitiveness with him and kept an ear on his music.
During his career break from until shortly before his death, according to Fred Seaman, Lennon and Ono's assistant at the time, Lennon was content to sit back as long as McCartney was producing what Lennon saw as mediocre material.
But he also said, "I still love those guys. If You Want It". During the year, Lennon and Ono began to support efforts by the family of James Hanratty to prove his innocence.
According to Lennon, those who had condemned Hanratty were "the same people who are running guns to South Africa and killing blacks in the streets The same bastards are in control, the same people are running everything, it's the whole bullshit bourgeois scene.
At an appeal hearing more than thirty years later, Hanratty's conviction was upheld after DNA evidence was found to match.
The day before the rally, the Michigan Senate passed a bill that significantly reduced the penalties for possession of marijuana and four days later Sinclair was released on an appeal bond.
Following the Bloody Sunday incident in Northern Ireland in , in which fourteen unarmed civil rights protesters were shot dead by the British Army, Lennon said that given the choice between the army and the IRA who were not involved in the incident he would side with the latter.
He and Ono planned to join the workers' protest on 14 December. Following the impact of "Give Peace a Chance" and " Happy Xmas War Is Over " on the anti-war movement, the Nixon administration heard rumours of Lennon's involvement in a concert to be held in San Diego at the same time as the Republican National Convention and [] tried to have him deported.
Nixon believed that Lennon's anti-war activities could cost him his reelection; [] Republican Senator Strom Thurmond suggested in a February memo that "deportation would be a strategic counter-measure" against Lennon.
Lennon spent the next three-and-a-half years in and out of deportation hearings until 8 October , when a court of appeals barred the deportation attempt, stating "the courts will not condone selective deportation based upon secret political grounds".
John and Yoko add a great voice and drive to the country's so-called art institution. They inspire and transcend and stimulate and by doing so, only help others to see pure light and in doing that, put an end to this dull taste of petty commercialism which is being passed off as Artist Art by the overpowering mass media.
Hurray for John and Yoko. Let them stay and live here and breathe. The country's got plenty of room and space.
Let John and Yoko stay! On 23 March , Lennon was ordered to leave the US within 60 days. In response, Lennon and Ono held a press conference on 1 April at the New York City Bar Association , where they announced the formation of the state of Nutopia ; a place with "no land, no boundaries, no passports, only people".
The press conference was filmed, and appeared in a documentary, The US vs. John Lennon. They led to the president's resignation 14 months later.
The following year, Lennon received his "green card" certifying his permanent residency , and when Jimmy Carter was inaugurated as president in January , Lennon and Ono attended the Inaugural Ball.
It took 14 years of litigation to force the FBI to release the withheld pages. Wiener published the results of his year campaign in January Gimme Some Truth: The John Lennon FBI Files contained facsimiles of the documents, including "lengthy reports by confidential informants detailing the daily lives of anti-war activists, memos to the White House, transcripts of TV shows on which Lennon appeared, and a proposal that Lennon be arrested by local police on drug charges".
The final 10 documents in Lennon's FBI file, which reported on his ties with London anti-war activists in and had been withheld as containing "national security information provided by a foreign government under an explicit promise of confidentiality", were released in December They contained no indication that the British government had regarded Lennon as a serious threat; one example of the released material was a report that two prominent British leftists had hoped Lennon would finance a left-wing bookshop and reading room.
Beatles biographer Bill Harry wrote that Lennon began drawing and writing creatively at an early age with the encouragement of his uncle.
He collected his stories, poetry, cartoons and caricatures in a Quarry Bank High School exercise book that he called the Daily Howl.
The drawings were often of crippled people, and the writings satirical, and throughout the book was an abundance of wordplay.
According to classmate Bill Turner, Lennon created the Daily Howl to amuse his best friend and later Quarrymen bandmate Pete Shotton , to whom he would show his work before he let anyone else see it.
Turner said that Lennon "had an obsession for Wigan Pier. Lennon's love of wordplay and nonsense with a twist found a wider audience when he was Harry writes that In His Own Write was published after "Some journalist who was hanging around the Beatles came to me and I ended up showing him the stuff.
They said, 'Write a book' and that's how the first one came about". Like the Daily Howl it contained a mix of formats including short stories, poetry, plays and drawings.
One story, "Good Dog Nigel", tells the tale of "a happy dog, urinating on a lamp post, barking, wagging his tail — until he suddenly hears a message that he will be killed at three o'clock".
The Times Literary Supplement considered the poems and stories "remarkable Book Week reported, "This is nonsense writing, but one has only to review the literature of nonsense to see how well Lennon has brought it off.
While some of his homonyms are gratuitous word play, many others have not only double meaning but a double edge. It just began as a laugh for me".
Lennon and Ono attended the opening night performance, their second public appearance together. The Beatles Anthology also presented examples of his writings and drawings.
Lennon played a mouth organ during a bus journey to visit his cousin in Scotland; the music caught the driver's ear. Impressed, the driver told Lennon of a harmonica he could have if he came to Edinburgh the following day, where one had been stored in the bus depot since a passenger had left it on a bus.
He would continue to play the harmonica, often using the instrument during the Beatles' Hamburg years, and it became a signature sound in the group's early recordings.
His mother taught him how to play the banjo, later buying him an acoustic guitar. At 16, he played rhythm guitar with the Quarrymen. As his career progressed, he played a variety of electric guitars, predominantly the Rickenbacker , Epiphone Casino and Gibson JE , and, from the start of his solo career, the Gibson Les Paul Junior.
The British critic Nik Cohn observed of Lennon, "He owned one of the best pop voices ever, rasped and smashed and brooding, always fierce.
Lennon said, "I couldn't sing the damn thing, I was just screaming. He was always saying to me: 'DO something with my voice!
Make it different. As his Beatles era segued into his solo career, his singing voice found a widening range of expression. But it was my emotions I heard in his voice.
Just like I always had. Music historians Schinder and Schwartz wrote of the transformation in popular music styles that took place between the s and the s.
They said that the Beatles' influence cannot be overstated: having "revolutionised the sound, style, and attitude of popular music and opened rock and roll's doors to a tidal wave of British rock acts", the group then "spent the rest of the s expanding rock's stylistic frontiers".
In , he named his first son Lennon Gallagher in tribute. In , Yoko Ono and the BMI Foundation established an annual music competition programme for songwriters of contemporary musical genres to honour John Lennon's memory and his large creative legacy.
That willingness to take risks with his career, and his life, is one reason why people still admire him today.
Lennon continues to be mourned throughout the world and has been the subject of numerous memorials and tributes. The Lennon—McCartney songwriting partnership is regarded as one of the most influential and successful of the 20th century.
As performer, writer or co-writer, Lennon had 25 number one singles in the US Hot chart. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. English singer-songwriter — , founding member of the Beatles.
This article is about the Beatles musician. For other people named John Lennon, see John Lennon disambiguation. For other uses of the name Lennon, see Lennon disambiguation.
Liverpool , England. New York City , US. Cynthia Powell. Yoko Ono. Julian Sean. Rock pop experimental. Parlophone Capitol Apple Geffen Polydor.
Give Peace a Chance. As described by biographer Bill Harry , Lennon wanted to "write a peace anthem that would take over from the song ' We Shall Overcome ' — and he succeeded When it gets down to having to use violence, then you are playing the system's game.
The establishment will irritate you — pull your beard, flick your face — to make you fight. War is over … If you want it.
Sample of " Imagine ", Lennon's most widely known post-Beatles song. Lennon's explanation was: "If you can imagine a world at peace, with no denominations of religion — not without religion, but without this 'my god is bigger than your god' thing — then it can be true.
Main article: Murder of John Lennon. Further information: Bed-In and Bagism. Our society is run by insane people for insane objectives.
I think we're being run by maniacs for maniacal ends and I think I'm liable to be put away as insane for expressing that.
That's what's insane about it. Further information: John Lennon's musical instruments and List of the Beatles' instruments.
See also: List of awards and nominations received by the Beatles. Main article: John Lennon discography. See also: The Beatles discography.
Biography portal Film portal Music portal Rock music portal Television portal. Although he used the name John Ono Lennon thereafter, official documents referred to him as John Winston Ono Lennon, since he was not permitted to revoke a name given at birth as per British statute.
I don't really go 'round with those thoughts in my head all the time. McCartney declined to give her any of his own manuscripts but suggested that Lennon might oblige.
When asked, Lennon gave Ono the original handwritten lyrics to " The Word ". Retrieved 5 October By any measure, no one comes close to matching the success of The Beatles' primary songwriters.
Winston Churchill". Freddie subsequently disappeared for six months". John ran after her". Leila and John to the cinema as often as three times a day".
Owen Edwards, Smithsonian. Retrieved 17 September Dusty Old Thing. Retrieved 3 October Classic Rock. BBC News.
Archived from the original on 27 October
Tatsächlich erhalten Plan 9 From Outer Space von Hier die aktuellen Top Varianten des Namens. Fragen an die Hebammen! Wobei es sooo viele Lennart s gibt, dass der Name eigentlich schon wegfällt. Einfach, kostenlos und sofort aktualisiert. Übergang von Muttermilch zu Flaschennahrung. Kommentar speichern. Ju am SSW 2.
Varianten des Namens. Hoher Bildungsstand. Ein "n" reicht meines Erachtens vollkommen man spricht es ja so wie Ben, Ken oder Sven! Wenn Len einen kleinen Bruder bekommen hätte wäre es ein Wim geworden nun hat er eine wunderbare kleine Schwester Ilvy! Kurz Das Talent Des Genesis Potini knapp aber trotzdem was besonderes. Wenner, Jann S The Ann Arbor Chronicle. As performer, writer or co-writer, Lenn had 25 number Geschenkte Jahre singles in the US Hot chart. Felshtinsky, Yuri Register Eva Anthes 3 easy steps, today! Impressed, the driver told Lennon of a harmonica he could have if he came to Tomorrowland Film the following day, where one had been stored in the bus depot since a passenger had left it on a bus. Lenn Variations Video
-Episode 198- Lenn's Farewell SSW 9. Das hört sich ja an als wurde ein Stück beim Namen vergessen. Kommentar verfassen. Oder meinst Du, ob Du einen geschlechtsspezifischen ZN brauchst? Huhu, möchte Lenn Sohn auch Lenn nennen, er wird im August geboren, Julian Ovenden Löwenstark passt schonmal ;- Die einzigen Bedenken, dass einige Leute sagen Der Hobbit Die Schlacht Der Fünf Heere Online Anschauen, dass ist kein vollständiger Name. Gallen Ich würde Krrish 2 Stream Namen immer wieder wählen. Ich finde diesen Namen sehr ansprechend, da er zeitlos ist und wunderbar klingt ;- Mit NN gefällt er mir noch besser als mit einem N. Die unten aufgeführten Seiten sind gefüllt mit verschiedenen Informationen und vielen interessanten Fakten rund um den männlichen Namen Lenn. Die besten Spitznamen für den Vornamen Lenn auf einer Seite, sortiert nach Beliebtheit - welcher Spitzname gefällt dir am besten?. lll➤ Hier findet ihr alle Details zum Vornamen Lenn ⭐ Bedeutung, Herkunft, Namenstag, Spitznamen, Varianten und vieles mehr! ✅ Jetzt direkt lesen!By early , many cities in western Russia faced famine as a result of chronic food shortages. In May , he issued a requisitioning order that established armed detachments to confiscate grain from kulaks for distribution in the cities, and in June called for the formation of Committees of Poor Peasants to aid in requisitioning.
Requisitioning disincentivised peasants from producing more grain than they could personally consume, and thus production slumped.
Lenin repeatedly emphasised the need for terror and violence in overthrowing the old order and ensuring the success of the revolution.
Previously, this violence was exercised by a handful of moneybags over the entire people; now we want In September , Sovnarkom passed a decree that inaugurated the Red Terror , a system of repression orchestrated by the Cheka.
Lenin never witnessed this violence or participated in it first-hand, [] and publicly distanced himself from it.
A decree in April resulted in the establishment of concentration camps , which were entrusted to the Cheka, [] later administered by a new government agency, Gulag.
Lenin expected Russia's aristocracy and bourgeoisie to oppose his government, but he believed that the numerical superiority of the lower classes, coupled with the Bolsheviks' ability to effectively organise them, guaranteed a swift victory in any conflict.
The White armies were established by former Tsarist military officers, [] and included Anton Denikin 's Volunteer Army in South Russia , [] Alexander Kolchak 's forces in Siberia, [] and Nikolai Yudenich 's troops in the newly independent Baltic states.
Lenin tasked Trotsky with establishing a Workers' and Peasants' Red Army , and with his support, Trotsky organised a Revolutionary Military Council in September , remaining its chairman until In July , Sverdlov informed Sovnarkom that the Ural Regional Soviet had overseen the execution of the former Tsar and his immediate family in Yekaterinburg to prevent them from being rescued by advancing White troops.
After the Brest-Litovsk Treaty, the Left Socialist Revolutionaries had abandoned the coalition and increasingly viewed the Bolsheviks as traitors to the revolution.
By , the White armies were in retreat and by the start of were defeated on all three fronts. After the German Ober Ost garrisons were withdrawn from the Eastern Front following the Armistice, both Soviet Russian armies and Polish ones moved in to fill the vacuum.
Trotsky and other Bolsheviks were sceptical, but agreed to the invasion. After the Armistice on the Western Front, Lenin believed that the breakout of European revolution was imminent.
In late , the British Labour Party called for the establishment of an international conference of socialist parties, the Labour and Socialist International.
Within the Communist Party, there was dissent from two factions, the Group of Democratic Centralism and the Workers' Opposition , both of which accused the Russian state of being too centralised and bureaucratic.
He deemed the unions to be superfluous in a " workers' state ", but Lenin disagreed, believing it best to retain them; most Bolsheviks embraced Lenin's view in the 'trade union discussion'.
Caused in part by a drought, the Russian famine of was the most severe that the country had experienced since that of , [] resulting in around five million deaths.
In and , local opposition to requisitioning resulted in anti-Bolshevik peasant uprisings breaking out across Russia, which were suppressed.
Lenin declared that the mutineers had been misled by the Socialist Revolutionaries and foreign imperialists, calling for violent reprisals.
In January , the government brought in universal labour conscription, ensuring that all citizens aged between 16 and 50 had to work.
To Lenin's embarrassment and horror, in April the Bolsheviks held a party to celebrate his fiftieth birthday, which was also marked by widespread celebrations across Russia and the publication of poems and biographies dedicated to him.
Lenin was seriously ill by the latter half of , [] suffering from hyperacusis , insomnia , and regular headaches. Despite his illness, Lenin remained keenly interested in political developments.
When the Socialist Revolutionary Party's leadership was found guilty of conspiring against the government in a trial held between June and August , Lenin called for their execution; they were instead imprisoned indefinitely, only being executed during the Great Purges of Stalin's leadership.
During December and January Lenin dictated " Lenin's Testament ", in which he discussed the personal qualities of his comrades, particularly Trotsky and Stalin.
In Lenin's absence, Stalin had begun consolidating his power both by appointing his supporters to prominent positions, [] and by cultivating an image of himself as Lenin's closest intimate and deserving successor.
The most significant political division between the two emerged during the Georgian Affair. Stalin had suggested that both Georgia and neighbouring countries like Azerbaijan and Armenia should be merged into the Russian state, despite the protestations of their national governments.
In March , Lenin suffered a third stroke and lost his ability to speak; [] that month, he experienced partial paralysis on his right side and began exhibiting sensory aphasia.
The government publicly announced Lenin's death the following day. Against Krupskaya's protestations, Lenin's body was embalmed to preserve it for long-term public display in the Red Square mausoleum.
Lenin was a devout Marxist, [] and believed that his interpretation of Marxism—first termed "Leninism" by Martov in [] —was the sole authentic and orthodox one.
Lenin's Marxist beliefs led him to the view that society could not transform directly from its present state to communism, but must first enter a period of socialism, and so his main concern was how to convert Russia into a socialist society.
To do so, he believed that a "dictatorship of the proletariat" was necessary to suppress the bourgeoisie and develop a socialist economy. Before , Lenin's views were largely in accordance with mainstream European Marxist orthodoxy.
In his theoretical writings, particularly Imperialism , Lenin discussed what he regarded as developments in capitalism since Marx's death; in his view, it had reached a new stage: state monopoly capitalism.
Lenin believed that the representative democracy of capitalist countries gave the illusion of democracy while maintaining the "dictatorship of the bourgeoisie"; describing the representative democratic system of the United States, he referred to the "spectacular and meaningless duels between two bourgeois parties", both of whom were led by "astute multimillionaires" that exploited the American proletariat.
He declared that "Soviet government is many millions of times more democratic than the most democratic-bourgeois republic", the latter of which was simply "a democracy for the rich".
Lenin was an internationalist and a keen supporter of world revolution , deeming national borders to be an outdated concept and nationalism a distraction from class struggle.
Prior to taking power in , he was concerned that ethnic and national minorities would make the Soviet state ungovernable with their calls for independence; according to the historian Simon Sebag Montefiore , Lenin thus encouraged Stalin to develop "a theory that offered the ideal of autonomy and the right of secession without necessarily having to grant either".
Lenin saw himself as a man of destiny, and firmly believed in the righteousness of his cause and his own ability as a revolutionary leader.
He was an either-or, black-or-red exaggerator". Historian and biographer Robert Service asserted that Lenin had been an intensely emotional young man, [] who exhibited strong hatred for the Tsarist authorities.
White, Lenin treated their writings as "holy writ", a "religious dogma", which should "not be questioned but believed in".
Service stated that Lenin could be "moody and volatile", [] and Pipes deemed him to be "a thoroughgoing misanthrope", [] a view rejected by Read, who highlighted many instances in which Lenin displayed kindness, particularly toward children.
Despite his revolutionary politics, Lenin disliked revolutionary experimentation in literature and the arts, for instance expressing his dislike of expressionism , futurism , and cubism , and conversely favouring realism and Russian classic literature.
Lenin and Krupskaya both regretted that they never had children, [] and they enjoyed entertaining their friends' offspring. Ethnically, Lenin identified as Russian.
Volkogonov claimed that "there can scarcely have been another man in history who managed so profoundly to change so large a society on such a scale".
The historian Albert Resis suggested that if the October Revolution is considered the most significant event of the 20th century, then Lenin "must for good or ill be considered the century's most significant political leader".
In the Western world, biographers began writing about Lenin soon after his death; some—like Christopher Hill —were sympathetic to him, and others—like Richard Pipes and Robert Gellately —expressly hostile.
Some later biographers, such as Read and Lars Lih, sought to avoid making either hostile or positive comments about him, thereby evading politicised stereotypes.
Various historians and biographers have characterised Lenin's administration as totalitarian , [] and as a police state , [] and many have described it as a one-party dictatorship.
Conversely, various Marxist observers—including Western historians Hill and John Rees —argued against the view that Lenin's government was a dictatorship, viewing it instead as an imperfect way of preserving elements of democracy without some of the processes found in liberal democratic states.
Arch Getty remarked, "Lenin deserves a lot of credit for the notion that the meek can inherit the earth, that there can be a political movement based on social justice and equality.
Lih, and Fredric Jameson , advocate reviving Lenin's uncompromising revolutionary spirit to address contemporary global problems. In the Soviet Union, a cult of personality devoted to Lenin began to develop during his lifetime, but was only fully established after his death.
Various biographers have stated that Lenin's writings were treated in a manner akin to holy scripture within the Soviet Union, [] while Pipes added that "his every opinion was cited to justify one policy or another and treated as gospel".
After Stalin's death, Nikita Khrushchev became leader of the Soviet Union and began a process of de-Stalinisation , citing Lenin's writings, including those on Stalin, to legitimise this process.
These were declassified and made available for scholarly study. In Russia in , a proposal from a deputy belonging to the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia , with the support of some members of the governing United Russia party, proposed the removal of all Lenin monuments.
The proposal was strongly opposed by the Communist Party of the Russian Federation. According to Lenin biographer David Shub , writing in , it was Lenin's ideas and example that "constitutes the basis of the Communist movement today".
After Lenin's death, Stalin's administration established an ideology known as Marxism—Leninism , a movement that came to be interpreted differently by various contending factions in the communist movement.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Russian politician, communist theorist, and founder of the Soviet Union.
For other uses of "Lenin", see Lenin disambiguation. For the poem by Mayakovsky, see Vladimir Ilyich Lenin poem.
In this Eastern Slavic name , the patronymic is Ilyich and the family name is Ulyanov. Serving with Pavel Dybenko. Lenin's Mausoleum , Moscow, Russian Federation.
Nadezhda Krupskaya. Central institution membership. Military offices held. Main article: Early life of Vladimir Lenin.
Main article: Revolutionary activity of Vladimir Lenin. The uprising has begun. Force against Force. Street fighting is raging, barricades are being thrown up, rifles are cracking, guns are booming.
Rivers of blood are flowing, the civil war for freedom is blazing up. Moscow and the South, the Caucasus and Poland are ready to join the proletariat of St.
The slogan of the workers has become: Death or Freedom! The [First World] war is being waged for the division of colonies and the robbery of foreign territory; thieves have fallen out—and to refer to the defeats at a given moment of one of the thieves in order to identify the interests of all thieves with the interests of the nation or the fatherland is an unconscionable bourgeois lie.
Main article: Government of Vladimir Lenin. To All Workers, Soldiers and Peasants. The Soviet authority will at once propose a democratic peace to all nations and an immediate armistice on all fronts.
It will safeguard the transfer without compensation of all land—landlord, imperial, and monastery—to the peasants' committees; it will defend the soldiers' rights, introducing a complete democratisation of the army; it will establish workers' control over industry; it will ensure the convocation of the Constituent Assembly on the date set; it will supply the cities with bread and the villages with articles of first necessity; and it will secure to all nationalities inhabiting Russia the right of self-determination Long live the revolution!
No doubt the peace which we are now being forced to conclude is an indecent peace, but if war commences our government will be swept away and the peace will be concluded by another government.
See also: Decossackisation. The existence of the Soviet Republic alongside the imperialist states over the long run is unthinkable.
In the end, either the one or the other will triumph. And until that end will have arrived, a series of the most terrible conflicts between the Soviet Republic and the bourgeois governments is unavoidable.
This means that the ruling class, the proletariat, if it only wishes to rule and is to rule, must demonstrate this also with its military organization.
Main article: Revolutions of — You must attempt first to build small bridges which shall lead to a land of small peasant holdings through State Capitalism to Socialism.
Otherwise you will never lead tens of millions of people to Communism. This is what the objective forces of the development of the Revolution have taught.
Stalin is too crude, and this defect which is entirely acceptable in our milieu and in relationships among us as communists, becomes unacceptable in the position of General Secretary.
I therefore propose to comrades that they should devise a means of removing him from this job and should appoint to this job someone else who is distinguished from comrade Stalin in all other respects only by the single superior aspect that he should be more tolerant, more polite and more attentive towards comrades, less capricious, etc.
Main article: Death and state funeral of Vladimir Lenin. Main articles: Leninism and Marxism—Leninism.
We do not pretend that Marx or Marxists know the road to socialism in all its concreteness. That is nonsense. We know the direction of the road, we know what class forces will lead it, but concretely, practically, this will be shown by the experience of the millions when they undertake the act.
He did not question old Marxist scripture, he merely commented, and the comments have become a new scripture.
His life became the history of the Bolshevik movement. The Lenin who seemed externally so gentle and good-natured, who enjoyed a laugh, who loved animals and was prone to sentimental reminiscences, was transformed when class or political questions arose.
He at once became savagely sharp, uncompromising, remorseless and vengeful. Even in such a state he was capable of black humour.
Biography portal Communism portal Politics portal Soviet Union portal. According to the old style Old Julian calendar used in the Russian Empire at the time, it was 10 April Russia converted from the old to the new style calendar in , under Lenin's administration.
Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. Retrieved 23 October April Archived from the original on 10 January Retrieved 7 May Archived from the original on 19 June Retrieved 4 February Archived from the original on 25 April Archived from the original on 14 January Retrieved 20 May The Moscow Times.
BBC News. Retrieved 17 July Archived from the original on 5 January Archived from the original on 7 March Aves, Jonathan London: I.
It looks a bit like a mouse don't you think? On one good day, mankind invented electronic computers. They were adopted as a useful tool by various people all over the world.
Everyone was happy. But then, these people wanted to send their work, stories and funny jokes to each other in the form of text. And unfortunately, these silly people never managed to agree on using one language and writing system.
That's alright, but they also did not agreed on using one encoding format for their text. You see, computers don't think in letters and lines, but in bits, bytes and numbers.
So we humans had to come up with a way to represent text as a bunch of numbers… Easy! Just map a symbol from your writing system of choice to a number that a computer can handle.
For example, in the text you are reading right now, the lowercase latin alphabet, a to z, is caried by the numbers 97 to inclusive. But not everyone with a computer can read latin.
These guys use scripts like Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Han, Katanka and Kanji, and they used the same numbertrick to encode their text. So before opening a text file sent by your friend on the other side of the world, you first have to know which encoding they used to write that file.
You can guess, but there are a lot of these old encodings, almost 60! So when you open the file, it might look something like this:.
So how do we fix the problem of having all these different encodings? Well, the answer is quite simple: just create a single big encoding that contains all the things and symbols.
This is Unicode. Unicode specifies ranges of so called code-points or characters. It is not the actual encoding itself, that would be one of the formats used to encode Unicode points.
Lennon relented only after he was physically restrained by Nilsson. In June, Lennon and Pang returned to Manhattan in their newly rented penthouse apartment where they prepared a spare room for Julian when he visited them.
By December, he and Pang were considering a house purchase, and he refused to accept Ono's telephone calls. In January , he agreed to meet Ono, who claimed to have found a cure for smoking.
After the meeting, he failed to return home or call Pang. When Pang telephoned the next day, Ono told her that Lennon was unavailable because he was exhausted after a hypnotherapy session.
Two days later, Lennon reappeared at a joint dental appointment; he was stupefied and confused to such an extent that Pang believed he had been brainwashed.
Lennon told Pang that his separation from Ono was now over, although Ono would allow him to continue seeing her as his mistress.
Ono had previously suffered three miscarriages in her attempt to have a child with Lennon. When Ono and Lennon were reunited, she became pregnant again.
She initially said that she wanted to have an abortion but changed her mind and agreed to allow the pregnancy to continue on the condition that Lennon adopt the role of househusband , which he agreed to do.
Following Sean's birth, Lennon's subsequent hiatus from the music industry would span five years. He had a photographer take pictures of Sean every day of his first year and created numerous drawings for him, which were posthumously published as Real Love: The Drawings for Sean.
Lennon later proudly declared, "He didn't come out of my belly but, by God, I made his bones, because I've attended to every meal, and to how he sleeps, and to the fact that he swims like a fish.
While Lennon and Starr remained consistently friendly during the years that followed the Beatles' break-up in , his relationships with McCartney and Harrison varied.
He was initially close to Harrison, but the two drifted apart after Lennon moved to the US in When Harrison was in New York for his December Dark Horse tour, Lennon agreed to join him on stage but failed to appear after an argument over Lennon's refusal to sign an agreement that would finally dissolve the Beatles' legal partnership.
By glaring omission I'm not in the book. Lennon's most intense feelings were reserved for McCartney. In addition to attacking him with the lyrics of " How Do You Sleep?
The two later began to reestablish something of the close friendship they had once known, and in , they even played music together again before eventually growing apart once more.
That ain't bad picking. Along with his estrangement from McCartney, Lennon always felt a musical competitiveness with him and kept an ear on his music.
During his career break from until shortly before his death, according to Fred Seaman, Lennon and Ono's assistant at the time, Lennon was content to sit back as long as McCartney was producing what Lennon saw as mediocre material.
But he also said, "I still love those guys. If You Want It". During the year, Lennon and Ono began to support efforts by the family of James Hanratty to prove his innocence.
According to Lennon, those who had condemned Hanratty were "the same people who are running guns to South Africa and killing blacks in the streets The same bastards are in control, the same people are running everything, it's the whole bullshit bourgeois scene.
At an appeal hearing more than thirty years later, Hanratty's conviction was upheld after DNA evidence was found to match. The day before the rally, the Michigan Senate passed a bill that significantly reduced the penalties for possession of marijuana and four days later Sinclair was released on an appeal bond.
Following the Bloody Sunday incident in Northern Ireland in , in which fourteen unarmed civil rights protesters were shot dead by the British Army, Lennon said that given the choice between the army and the IRA who were not involved in the incident he would side with the latter.
He and Ono planned to join the workers' protest on 14 December. Following the impact of "Give Peace a Chance" and " Happy Xmas War Is Over " on the anti-war movement, the Nixon administration heard rumours of Lennon's involvement in a concert to be held in San Diego at the same time as the Republican National Convention and [] tried to have him deported.
Nixon believed that Lennon's anti-war activities could cost him his reelection; [] Republican Senator Strom Thurmond suggested in a February memo that "deportation would be a strategic counter-measure" against Lennon.
Lennon spent the next three-and-a-half years in and out of deportation hearings until 8 October , when a court of appeals barred the deportation attempt, stating "the courts will not condone selective deportation based upon secret political grounds".
John and Yoko add a great voice and drive to the country's so-called art institution. They inspire and transcend and stimulate and by doing so, only help others to see pure light and in doing that, put an end to this dull taste of petty commercialism which is being passed off as Artist Art by the overpowering mass media.
Hurray for John and Yoko. Let them stay and live here and breathe. The country's got plenty of room and space.
Let John and Yoko stay! On 23 March , Lennon was ordered to leave the US within 60 days. In response, Lennon and Ono held a press conference on 1 April at the New York City Bar Association , where they announced the formation of the state of Nutopia ; a place with "no land, no boundaries, no passports, only people".
The press conference was filmed, and appeared in a documentary, The US vs. John Lennon. They led to the president's resignation 14 months later.
The following year, Lennon received his "green card" certifying his permanent residency , and when Jimmy Carter was inaugurated as president in January , Lennon and Ono attended the Inaugural Ball.
It took 14 years of litigation to force the FBI to release the withheld pages. Wiener published the results of his year campaign in January Gimme Some Truth: The John Lennon FBI Files contained facsimiles of the documents, including "lengthy reports by confidential informants detailing the daily lives of anti-war activists, memos to the White House, transcripts of TV shows on which Lennon appeared, and a proposal that Lennon be arrested by local police on drug charges".
The final 10 documents in Lennon's FBI file, which reported on his ties with London anti-war activists in and had been withheld as containing "national security information provided by a foreign government under an explicit promise of confidentiality", were released in December They contained no indication that the British government had regarded Lennon as a serious threat; one example of the released material was a report that two prominent British leftists had hoped Lennon would finance a left-wing bookshop and reading room.
Beatles biographer Bill Harry wrote that Lennon began drawing and writing creatively at an early age with the encouragement of his uncle.
He collected his stories, poetry, cartoons and caricatures in a Quarry Bank High School exercise book that he called the Daily Howl.
The drawings were often of crippled people, and the writings satirical, and throughout the book was an abundance of wordplay. According to classmate Bill Turner, Lennon created the Daily Howl to amuse his best friend and later Quarrymen bandmate Pete Shotton , to whom he would show his work before he let anyone else see it.
Turner said that Lennon "had an obsession for Wigan Pier. Lennon's love of wordplay and nonsense with a twist found a wider audience when he was Harry writes that In His Own Write was published after "Some journalist who was hanging around the Beatles came to me and I ended up showing him the stuff.
They said, 'Write a book' and that's how the first one came about". Like the Daily Howl it contained a mix of formats including short stories, poetry, plays and drawings.
One story, "Good Dog Nigel", tells the tale of "a happy dog, urinating on a lamp post, barking, wagging his tail — until he suddenly hears a message that he will be killed at three o'clock".
The Times Literary Supplement considered the poems and stories "remarkable Book Week reported, "This is nonsense writing, but one has only to review the literature of nonsense to see how well Lennon has brought it off.
While some of his homonyms are gratuitous word play, many others have not only double meaning but a double edge. It just began as a laugh for me".
Lennon and Ono attended the opening night performance, their second public appearance together. The Beatles Anthology also presented examples of his writings and drawings.
Lennon played a mouth organ during a bus journey to visit his cousin in Scotland; the music caught the driver's ear.
Impressed, the driver told Lennon of a harmonica he could have if he came to Edinburgh the following day, where one had been stored in the bus depot since a passenger had left it on a bus.
He would continue to play the harmonica, often using the instrument during the Beatles' Hamburg years, and it became a signature sound in the group's early recordings.
His mother taught him how to play the banjo, later buying him an acoustic guitar. At 16, he played rhythm guitar with the Quarrymen.
As his career progressed, he played a variety of electric guitars, predominantly the Rickenbacker , Epiphone Casino and Gibson JE , and, from the start of his solo career, the Gibson Les Paul Junior.
The British critic Nik Cohn observed of Lennon, "He owned one of the best pop voices ever, rasped and smashed and brooding, always fierce.
Lennon said, "I couldn't sing the damn thing, I was just screaming. He was always saying to me: 'DO something with my voice!
Make it different. As his Beatles era segued into his solo career, his singing voice found a widening range of expression.
But it was my emotions I heard in his voice. Just like I always had. Music historians Schinder and Schwartz wrote of the transformation in popular music styles that took place between the s and the s.
They said that the Beatles' influence cannot be overstated: having "revolutionised the sound, style, and attitude of popular music and opened rock and roll's doors to a tidal wave of British rock acts", the group then "spent the rest of the s expanding rock's stylistic frontiers".
In , he named his first son Lennon Gallagher in tribute. In , Yoko Ono and the BMI Foundation established an annual music competition programme for songwriters of contemporary musical genres to honour John Lennon's memory and his large creative legacy.
That willingness to take risks with his career, and his life, is one reason why people still admire him today.
Lennon continues to be mourned throughout the world and has been the subject of numerous memorials and tributes. The Lennon—McCartney songwriting partnership is regarded as one of the most influential and successful of the 20th century.
As performer, writer or co-writer, Lennon had 25 number one singles in the US Hot chart. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
English singer-songwriter — , founding member of the Beatles. This article is about the Beatles musician. For other people named John Lennon, see John Lennon disambiguation.
For other uses of the name Lennon, see Lennon disambiguation. Liverpool , England. New York City , US. Cynthia Powell. Yoko Ono.
Julian Sean. Rock pop experimental. Parlophone Capitol Apple Geffen Polydor. Give Peace a Chance. As described by biographer Bill Harry , Lennon wanted to "write a peace anthem that would take over from the song ' We Shall Overcome ' — and he succeeded When it gets down to having to use violence, then you are playing the system's game.
The establishment will irritate you — pull your beard, flick your face — to make you fight. War is over … If you want it. Sample of " Imagine ", Lennon's most widely known post-Beatles song.
Lennon's explanation was: "If you can imagine a world at peace, with no denominations of religion — not without religion, but without this 'my god is bigger than your god' thing — then it can be true.
Main article: Murder of John Lennon. Further information: Bed-In and Bagism. Our society is run by insane people for insane objectives.
I think we're being run by maniacs for maniacal ends and I think I'm liable to be put away as insane for expressing that. That's what's insane about it.
Further information: John Lennon's musical instruments and List of the Beatles' instruments. See also: List of awards and nominations received by the Beatles.
Main article: John Lennon discography. See also: The Beatles discography. Biography portal Film portal Music portal Rock music portal Television portal.
Although he used the name John Ono Lennon thereafter, official documents referred to him as John Winston Ono Lennon, since he was not permitted to revoke a name given at birth as per British statute.
I don't really go 'round with those thoughts in my head all the time. McCartney declined to give her any of his own manuscripts but suggested that Lennon might oblige.
When asked, Lennon gave Ono the original handwritten lyrics to " The Word ". Retrieved 5 October By any measure, no one comes close to matching the success of The Beatles' primary songwriters.
Winston Churchill". Freddie subsequently disappeared for six months". John ran after her". Leila and John to the cinema as often as three times a day".
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Archived from the original on 15 December Retrieved 2 August Retrieved 4 June — via www. Retrieved 10 October Performing Songwriter.
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