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Retrieved 17 August BBC News. Retrieved 7 October The Guardian. Peterson , "Christianus. Catholics United for the Fath. February Retrieved 16 June Glastonbury Review Archived from the original on 19 June The United Methodist Church.
Archived from the original on 14 January Retrieved 31 December The History of the Church. Resurrection: The Capstone in the Arch of Christianity.
Australian Catholic University National. Archived from the original on 1 September Retrieved 16 May The Essential Jesus. Journal of Biblical Literature.
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New Dictionary of Biblical Theology. Historical Theology. Oxford Companion to the Bible. The Athanasian Creed. Ignatius of Antioch in Letter to the Ephesians , ch.
Irenaeus in Against Heresies , ch. Eerdmans Publishing Co. Albright, William F. From the Stone Age to Christianity. Alexander, T. Bahnsen, Greg.
A Reformed Confession Regarding Hermeneutics article 6. Ball, Bryan; Johnsson, William ed. Pacific Press Barrett, David; Kurian, Tom and others.
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Bokenkotter, Thomas A Concise History of the Catholic Church. The Byzantine Empire. The Canon of Scripture. Cameron, Averil The Byzantines. Oxford: Blackwell.
The Western Experience. Alfred A. Knopf Coffey, John. Persecution and Toleration in Protestant England — Pearson Education Cross, F.
The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Deppermann, Klaus. Dilasser, Maurice. The Symbols of the Church. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press Saints and Sinners, a History of the Popes.
Yale University Press Tyndale Bible Dictionary. Tyndale House Publishers. The Early Christian World. Routledge Farrar, F.
Mercy and Judgment. Pusey's, "What Is Of Faith? Ferguson, Sinclair; Wright, David, eds. New Dictionary of Theology. Packer, James.
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Thomas Nelson Harnack, Adolf von. History of Dogma Hickman, Hoyt L. Handbook of the Christian Year. Abingdon Press The Routledge Companion to the Study of Religion Hitchcock, Susan Tyler.
Geography of Religion. Kelly, J. Kirsch, Jonathan. God Against the Gods. Kreeft, Peter. Catholic Christianity.
Lorenzen, Thorwald. McLaughlin, R. Viking Adult London, Allen Lane. FT Press Paulist Press The Shape of Sola Scriptura Christianity: An Introduction.
Blackwell Publishing McGrath, Alister E. McManners, John. Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity.
Meconi, David Vincent. Metzger, Bruce M. Mullin, Robert Bruce. A short world history of Christianity. Westminster John Knox Press Norman, Edward.
InterVarsity Press Herder, Freiburg Otten, Herman J. Baal or God? Liberalism or Christianity, Fantasy vs.
Second ed. New Haven, Mo. Pelikan, Jaroslav; Hotchkiss, Valerie ed. Creeds and Confessions of Faith in the Christian Tradition. Putnam, Robert D.
Ricciotti, Giuseppe Julian the Apostate: Roman Emperor TAN Books. The Oxford History of the Crusades. New York: Oxford University Press, Robinson, George New York: Pocket Books.
A History of Britain. Hyperion Servetus, Michael. Restoration of Christianity. Simon, Edith. Great Ages of Man: The Reformation. Time-Life Books Smith, J.
Spitz, Lewis. The Protestant Reformation. Concordia Publishing House Sproul, R. Knowing Scripture. Spurgeon, Charles. A Defense of Calvinism.
The Study of Anglicanism. Augsburg Fortress Publishers Talbott, Thomas. Three Pictures of God in Western Theology Ustorf, Werner. The Decline of Christendom in Western Europe, — Cambridge University Press Walsh, Chad.
Campus Gods on Trial. New York: Macmillan Co. White, James F. Abingdon Press. Christianity: a very short introduction.
Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. Washington, DC: Regnery. Gill, Robin The Cambridge companion to Christian ethics. Gunton, Colin E.
The Cambridge companion to Christian doctrine. MacCulloch, Diarmaid. Padgett, Alan G. Introducing Christianity. Maryknoll, N.
Price, Matthew Arlen; Collins, Michael The story of Christianity. New York: Dorling Kindersley. Ratzinger, Joseph Introduction To Christianity Communio Books.
San Francisco: Ignatius Press. Roper, J. Toronto, Ont. Rüegg, Walter Cambridge University Press. Tucker, Karen; Wainwright, Geoffrey The Oxford history of Christian worship.
Verger, Jacques Presses universitaires de Rennes in Rennes. Wagner, Richard Christianity for Dummies. For Dummies. Webb, Jeffrey B.
The Complete Idiot's Guide to Christianity. Indianapolis, Ind: Alpha Books. LXV, no. Discusses some pitfalls in interpreting and translating the New Testament.
Christianity at Wikipedia's sister projects. Language of Jesus. Bibliography Artworks statues Films. Patriarchates in Christianity.
Traditional ecclesiastical jurisidictions of primates in Christianity , sorted according to earliest apostolic legacy branched where multiple denominational claimants Legend: in bold blue : Catholic Church , light blue : Eastern Orthodox Church , green : Oriental Orthodoxy , italic: Nestorianism.
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As Milton S. Terry said: "A fundamental principle in grammatico-historical exposition is that the words and sentences can have but one significance in one and the same connection.
The moment we neglect this principle we drift out upon a sea of uncertainty and conjecture. Taken together, both define the term Biblical hermeneutics.
Some Protestant interpreters make use of typology. Jewish Christianity soon attracted Gentile God-fearers , posing a problem for its Jewish religious outlook, which insisted on close observance of the Jewish commands.
Paul the Apostle solved this by insisting that salvation by faith in Christ , and participation in his death and resurrection, sufficed.
Eventually, his departure from Jewish customs would result in the establishment of Christianity as an independent religion.
This formative period was followed by the early bishops , whom Christians consider the successors of Christ's apostles.
From the year , Christian teachers began to produce theological and apologetic works aimed at defending the faith.
These authors are known as the Church Fathers , and the study of them is called patristics. Persecution of Christians occurred intermittently and on a small scale by both Jewish and Roman authorities , with Roman action starting at the time of the Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD.
Examples of early executions under Jewish authority reported in the New Testament include the deaths of Saint Stephen [Acts ] and James, son of Zebedee.
The Diocletianic Persecution beginning in AD was also particularly severe. Roman persecution ended in AD with the Edict of Milan.
While Proto-orthodox Christianity was becoming dominant, heterodox sects also existed at the same time, which held radically different beliefs.
Gnostic Christianity developed a duotheistic doctrine based on illusion and enlightenment rather than forgiveness of sin. With only a few scriptures overlapping with the developing orthodox canon, most Gnostic texts and Gnostic gospels were eventually considered heretical and suppressed by mainstream Christians.
A gradual splitting off of Gentile Christianity left Jewish Christians continuing to follow the Law of Moses , including practices such as circumcision.
By the fifth century, they and the Jewish—Christian gospels would be largely suppressed by the dominant sects in both Judaism and Christianity.
Christianity spread to Aramaic -speaking peoples along the Mediterranean coast and also to the inland parts of the Roman Empire and beyond that into the Parthian Empire and the later Sasanian Empire , including Mesopotamia , which was dominated at different times and to varying extents by these empires.
Mark the Evangelist is claimed to have started the Church of Alexandria in about 43 CE; various later churches claim this as their own legacy, including the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria.
King Tiridates III made Christianity the state religion in Armenia between and , [81] [] [] thus Armenia became the first officially Christian state.
It was not an entirely new religion in Armenia, having penetrated into the country from at least the third century, but it may have been present even earlier.
Constantine I was exposed to Christianity in his youth, and throughout his life his support for the religion grew, culminating in baptism on his deathbed.
At that point, Christianity was still a minority belief, comprising perhaps only five percent of the Roman population.
Constantine was also instrumental in the convocation of the First Council of Nicaea in , which sought to address Arianism and formulated the Nicene Creed , which is still used by in Catholicism , Eastern Orthodoxy , Lutheranism , Anglicanism , and many other Protestant churches.
In terms of prosperity and cultural life, the Byzantine Empire was one of the peaks in Christian history and Christian civilization , [] and Constantinople remained the leading city of the Christian world in size, wealth, and culture.
With the decline and fall of the Roman Empire in the West , the papacy became a political player, first visible in Pope Leo 's diplomatic dealings with Huns and Vandals.
While Arianists instituted the death penalty for practicing pagans see the Massacre of Verden , for example , what would later become Catholicism also spread among the Hungarians , the Germanic , [] the Celtic , the Baltic and some Slavic peoples.
Around , St. Benedict set out his Monastic Rule , establishing a system of regulations for the foundation and running of monasteries. In the 7th century, Muslims conquered Syria including Jerusalem , North Africa, and Spain, converting some of the Christian population to Islam , and placing the rest under a separate legal status.
Part of the Muslims' success was due to the exhaustion of the Byzantine Empire in its decades long conflict with Persia. The Middle Ages brought about major changes within the church.
Pope Gregory the Great dramatically reformed the ecclesiastical structure and administration. The Second Ecumenical Council of Nicaea finally pronounced in favor of icons.
In the West, from the 11th century onward, some older cathedral schools became universities see, for example, University of Oxford , University of Paris and University of Bologna.
Previously, higher education had been the domain of Christian cathedral schools or monastic schools Scholae monasticae , led by monks and nuns.
Accompanying the rise of the "new towns" throughout Europe, mendicant orders were founded, bringing the consecrated religious life out of the monastery and into the new urban setting.
The two principal mendicant movements were the Franciscans [] and the Dominicans , [] founded by St. Francis and St. Dominic , respectively.
Both orders made significant contributions to the development of the great universities of Europe. Another new order was the Cistercians , whose large isolated monasteries spearheaded the settlement of former wilderness areas.
In this period, church building and ecclesiastical architecture reached new heights, culminating in the orders of Romanesque and Gothic architecture and the building of the great European cathedrals.
Christian nationalism emerged during this era in which Christians felt the impulse to recover lands in which Christianity had historically flourished.
The Crusades ultimately failed to stifle Islamic aggression and even contributed to Christian enmity with the sacking of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade.
The Christian Church experienced internal conflict between the 7th and 13th centuries that resulted in a schism between the so-called Latin or Western Christian branch the Catholic Church , [] and an Eastern , largely Greek, branch the Eastern Orthodox Church.
The two sides disagreed on a number of administrative, liturgical and doctrinal issues, most notably papal primacy of jurisdiction. However, the Catholic Church has achieved union with various smaller eastern churches.
In the thirteenth century, a new emphasis on Jesus' suffering, exemplified by the Franciscans' preaching, had the consequence of turning worshippers' attention towards Jews, on whom Christians had placed the blame for Jesus' death.
Christianity's limited tolerance of Jews was not new—Augustine of Hippo said that Jews should not be allowed to enjoy the citizenship that Christians took for granted—but the growing antipathy towards Jews was a factor that led to the expulsion of Jews from England in , the first of many such expulsions in Europe.
Beginning around , following the crusade against Cathar heresy, [] various institutions, broadly referred to as the Inquisition , were established with the aim of suppressing heresy and securing religious and doctrinal unity within Christianity through conversion and prosecution.
The 15th-century Renaissance brought about a renewed interest in ancient and classical learning. During the Reformation , Martin Luther posted the Ninety-five Theses against the sale of indulgences.
In the Edict of Worms condemned and excommunicated Luther and his followers, resulting in the schism of the Western Christendom into several branches.
Other reformers like Zwingli , Oecolampadius , Calvin , Knox , and Arminius further criticized Catholic teaching and worship.
These challenges developed into the movement called Protestantism , which repudiated the primacy of the pope , the role of tradition, the seven sacraments , and other doctrines and practices.
Beginning in , the monasteries throughout England, Wales and Ireland were dissolved. Thomas Müntzer , Andreas Karlstadt and other theologians perceived both the Catholic Church and the confessions of the Magisterial Reformation as corrupted.
Their activity brought about the Radical Reformation , which gave birth to various Anabaptist denominations. Partly in response to the Protestant Reformation, the Catholic Church engaged in a substantial process of reform and renewal, known as the Counter-Reformation or Catholic Reform.
During the following centuries, competition between Catholicism and Protestantism became deeply entangled with political struggles among European states.
Meanwhile, the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus in brought about a new wave of missionary activity.
Partly from missionary zeal, but under the impetus of colonial expansion by the European powers, Christianity spread to the Americas, Oceania, East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.
Throughout Europe, the division caused by the Reformation led to outbreaks of religious violence and the establishment of separate state churches in Europe.
Lutheranism spread into the northern, central, and eastern parts of present-day Germany, Livonia , and Scandinavia. Anglicanism was established in England in Calvinism and its varieties, such as Presbyterianism , were introduced in Scotland, the Netherlands, Hungary, Switzerland, and France.
Arminianism gained followers in the Netherlands and Frisia. Ultimately, these differences led to the outbreak of conflicts in which religion played a key factor.
These events intensified the Christian debate on persecution and toleration. In the era known as the Great Divergence , when in the West, the Age of Enlightenment and the scientific revolution brought about great societal changes, Christianity was confronted with various forms of skepticism and with certain modern political ideologies , such as versions of socialism and liberalism.
Especially pressing in Europe was the formation of nation states after the Napoleonic era. In all European countries, different Christian denominations found themselves in competition to greater or lesser extents with each other and with the state.
Variables were the relative sizes of the denominations and the religious, political, and ideological orientation of the states. Urs Altermatt of the University of Fribourg , looking specifically at Catholicism in Europe, identifies four models for the European nations.
In traditionally Catholic-majority countries such as Belgium, Spain, and Austria, to some extent, religious and national communities are more or less identical.
Cultural symbiosis and separation are found in Poland, the Republic of Ireland, and Switzerland, all countries with competing denominations.
Competition is found in Germany, the Netherlands, and again Switzerland, all countries with minority Catholic populations, which to a greater or lesser extent identified with the nation.
Finally, separation between religion again, specifically Catholicism and the state is found to a great degree in France and Italy, countries where the state actively opposed itself to the authority of the Catholic Church.
The combined factors of the formation of nation states and ultramontanism , especially in Germany and the Netherlands, but also in England to a much lesser extent, [] often forced Catholic churches, organizations, and believers to choose between the national demands of the state and the authority of the Church, specifically the papacy.
This conflict came to a head in the First Vatican Council , and in Germany would lead directly to the Kulturkampf , where liberals and Protestants under the leadership of Bismarck managed to severely restrict Catholic expression and organization.
Christian commitment in Europe dropped as modernity and secularism came into their own, [] particularly in Czechia and Estonia , [] while religious commitments in America have been generally high in comparison to Europe.
The late 20th century has shown the shift of Christian adherence to the Third World and the Southern Hemisphere in general, [] [] with the West no longer the chief standard bearer of Christianity.
With around 2. This masks a major shift in the demographics of Christianity; large increases in the developing world have been accompanied by substantial declines in the developed world, mainly in Europe and North America.
As a percentage of Christians, the Catholic Church and Orthodoxy both Eastern and Oriental are declining in parts of the world though Catholicism is growing in Asia, in Africa, vibrant in Eastern Europe, etc.
Christianity is the predominant religion in Europe, the Americas, and Southern Africa. The Christian population is not decreasing in Brazil, the Southern United States, [] and the province of Alberta, Canada, [] but the percentage is decreasing.
In countries such as Australia [] and New Zealand, [] the Christian population are declining in both numbers and percentage. However, there are many charismatic movements that have become well established over large parts of the world, especially Africa, Latin America, and Asia.
Mary's University estimated about In most countries in the developed world, church attendance among people who continue to identify themselves as Christians has been falling over the last few decades.
There are numerous other countries, such as Cyprus, which although do not have an established church , still give official recognition and support to a specific Christian denomination.
Nations with Christianity as their state religion are in blue. Recently, neither Western or Eastern World Christianity has also stood out, for example, African-initiated churches.
However, there are other present [] and historical [] Christian groups that do not fit neatly into one of these primary categories. There is a diversity of doctrines and liturgical practices among groups calling themselves Christian.
These groups may vary ecclesiologically in their views on a classification of Christian denominations. The Catholic Church consists of those particular churches , headed by bishops, in communion with the pope , the bishop of Rome, as its highest authority in matters of faith, morality, and Church governance.
As the world's oldest and largest continuously functioning international institution, [] it has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilization.
The Eastern Orthodox Church consists of those churches in communion with the patriarchal sees of the East, such as the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople.
A number of conflicts with Western Christianity over questions of doctrine and authority culminated in the Great Schism.
Eastern Orthodoxy is the second largest single denomination in Christianity, with an estimated million adherents, although Protestants collectively outnumber them, substantially.
The Oriental Orthodox Churches also called "Old Oriental" churches are those eastern churches that recognize the first three ecumenical councils— Nicaea , Constantinople , and Ephesus —but reject the dogmatic definitions of the Council of Chalcedon and instead espouse a Miaphysite christology.
The Assyrian Church of the East , with an unbroken patriarchate established in the 17th century, is an independent Eastern Christian denomination which claims continuity from the Church of the East —in parallel to the Catholic patriarchate established in the 16th century that evolved into the Chaldean Catholic Church , an Eastern Catholic church in full communion with the Pope.
It is an Eastern Christian church that follows the traditional christology and ecclesiology of the historical Church of the East.
Largely aniconic and not in communion with any other church, it belongs to the eastern branch of Syriac Christianity , and uses the East Syriac Rite in its liturgy.
Its main spoken language is Syriac , a dialect of Eastern Aramaic , and the majority of its adherents are ethnic Assyrians. It is officially headquartered in the city of Erbil in northern Iraqi Kurdistan , and its original area also spreads into south-eastern Turkey and north-western Iran, corresponding to ancient Assyria.
Its hierarchy is composed of metropolitan bishops and diocesan bishops , while lower clergy consists of priests and deacons , who serve in dioceses eparchies and parishes throughout the Middle East, India, North America, Oceania, and Europe including the Caucasus and Russia.
It is one of the Assyrian churches that claim continuity with the historical Patriarchate of Seleucia-Ctesiphon —the Church of the East, one of the oldest Christian churches in Mesopotamia.
In , the Edict of Worms condemned Martin Luther and officially banned citizens of the Holy Roman Empire from defending or propagating his ideas.
The Protestation at Speyer against being excommunicated gave this party the name Protestantism. Luther's primary theological heirs are known as Lutherans.
Zwingli and Calvin's heirs are far broader denominationally, and are referred to as the Reformed tradition. Some, but not all Anglicans consider themselves both Protestant and Catholic.
Since the Anglican, Lutheran, and the Reformed branches of Protestantism originated for the most part in cooperation with the government, these movements are termed the " Magisterial Reformation ".
On the other hand, groups such as the Anabaptists , who often do not consider themselves to be Protestant, originated in the Radical Reformation , which though sometimes protected under Acts of Toleration , do not trace their history back to any state church.
The term Protestant also refers to any churches which formed later, with either the Magisterial or Radical traditions.
In the 18th century, for example, Methodism grew out of Anglican minister John Wesley 's evangelical and revival movement.
Protestantism is the second largest major group of Christians after Catholicism by number of followers, although the Eastern Orthodox Church is larger than any single Protestant denomination.
Some groups of individuals who hold basic Protestant tenets identify themselves simply as "Christians" or " born-again Christians".
They typically distance themselves from the confessionalism and creedalism of other Christian communities [] by calling themselves " non-denominational " or " evangelical ".
Often founded by individual pastors, they have little affiliation with historic denominations. The Second Great Awakening , a period of religious revival that occurred in the United States during the early s, saw the development of a number of unrelated churches.
They generally saw themselves as restoring the original church of Jesus Christ rather than reforming one of the existing churches.
Some of the churches originating during this period are historically connected to early 19th-century camp meetings in the Midwest and upstate New York.
Other groups originating in this time period include the Christadelphians and the previously mentioned Latter Day Saints movement.
While the churches originating in the Second Great Awakening have some superficial similarities, their doctrine and practices vary significantly.
Various smaller Independent Catholic communities, such as the Old Catholic Church , include the word Catholic in their title, and arguably have more or less liturgical practices in common with the Catholic Church , but are no longer in full communion with the Holy See.
Spiritual Christians , such as the Doukhobor and Molokan , broke from the Russian Orthodox Church and maintain close association with Mennonites and Quakers due to similar religious practices; all of these groups are furthermore collectively considered to be peace churches due to their belief in pacifism.
Messianic Judaism or the Messianic Movement is the name of a Christian movement comprising a number of streams, whose members may consider themselves Jewish.
The movement originated in the s and s, and it blends elements of religious Jewish practice with evangelical Christianity.
Messianic Judaism affirms Christian creeds such as the messiahship and divinity of "Yeshua" the Hebrew name of Jesus and the Triune Nature of God, while also adhering to some Jewish dietary laws and customs.
Esoteric Christians regard Christianity as a mystery religion , [] [] and profess the existence and possession of certain esoteric doctrines or practices, [] [] hidden from the public but accessible only to a narrow circle of "enlightened", "initiated", or highly educated people.
Western culture , throughout most of its history, has been nearly equivalent to Christian culture , and a large portion of the population of the Western Hemisphere can be described as practicing or nominal Christians.
The notion of "Europe" and the "Western World" has been intimately connected with the concept of " Christianity and Christendom ".
Many even attribute Christianity for being the link that created a unified European identity. Though Western culture contained several polytheistic religions during its early years under the Greek and Roman empires , as the centralized Roman power waned, the dominance of the Catholic Church was the only consistent force in Western Europe.
Christianity has had a significant impact on education, as the church created the bases of the Western system of education, [] and was the sponsor of founding universities in the Western world, as the university is generally regarded as an institution that has its origin in the Medieval Christian setting.
According to the Merton Thesis , there was a positive correlation between the rise of English Puritanism and German Pietism on the one hand, and early experimental science on the other.
Eastern Christians particularly Nestorian Christians contributed to the Arab Islamic civilization during the reign of the Ummayad and the Abbasid , by translating works of Greek philosophers to Syriac and afterwards, to Arabic.
Christians have made a myriad of contributions to human progress in a broad and diverse range of fields, [] including philosophy, [] [] science and technology , [] [] [] [] [] [] fine arts and architecture , [] politics , literatures , music , [] and business.
Postchristianity [] is the term for the decline of Christianity, particularly in Europe , Canada , Australia , and to a minor degree the Southern Cone , in the 20th and 21st centuries, considered in terms of postmodernism.
It refers to the loss of Christianity's monopoly on values and world view in historically Christian societies. Cultural Christians are secular people with a Christian heritage who may not believe in the religious claims of Christianity, but who retain an affinity for the popular culture, art, music , and so on related to the religion.
Christian groups and denominations have long expressed ideals of being reconciled, and in the 20th century, Christian ecumenism advanced in two ways.
The other way was an institutional union with united churches , a practice that can be traced back to unions between Lutherans and Calvinists in early 19th-century Germany.
Congregationalist, Methodist, and Presbyterian churches united in to form the United Church of Canada , [] and in to form the Uniting Church in Australia.
The Christian Flag is an ecumenical flag designed in the early 20th century to represent all of Christianity. Steps towards reconciliation on a global level were taken in by the Catholic and Orthodox churches, mutually revoking the excommunications that marked their Great Schism in ; [] the Anglican Catholic International Commission ARCIC working towards full communion between those churches since ; [] and some Lutheran and Catholic churches signing the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification in to address conflicts at the root of the Protestant Reformation.
In , the World Methodist Council , representing all Methodist denominations, adopted the declaration. Criticism of Christianity and Christians goes back to the Apostolic Age , with the New Testament recording friction between the followers of Jesus and the Pharisees and scribes e.
Matthew —20 and Mark — By the 3rd century, criticism of Christianity had mounted. Wild rumors about Christians were widely circulated, claiming that they were atheists and that, as part of their rituals, they devoured human infants and engaged in incestuous orgies.
By the 12th century, the Mishneh Torah i. Criticism of Christianity continues to date, e. Jewish and Muslim theologians criticize the doctrine of the Trinity held by most Christians, stating that this doctrine in effect assumes that there are three gods, running against the basic tenet of monotheism.
Price has outlined the possibility that some Bible stories are based partly on myth in The Christ Myth Theory and its problems. Christians are one of the most persecuted religious group in the world, especially in the Middle-East , North Africa and South and East Asia.
Christian apologetics aims to present a rational basis for Christianity. The philosopher Thomas Aquinas presented five arguments for God's existence in the Summa Theologica , while his Summa contra Gentiles was a major apologetic work.
Chesterton , wrote in the early twentieth century about the benefits of religion and, specifically, Christianity. Famous for his use of paradox, Chesterton explained that while Christianity had the most mysteries, it was the most practical religion.
Hence all the power of magic became dissolved; and every bond of wickedness was destroyed, men's ignorance was taken away, and the old kingdom abolished God Himself appearing in the form of a man, for the renewal of eternal life.
We have also as a Physician the Lord our God Jesus the Christ the only-begotten Son and Word, before time began, but who afterwards became also man, of Mary the virgin.
For 'the Word was made flesh. The Church, though dispersed throughout the whole world, even to the ends of the earth, has received from the apostles and their disciples this faith For, in the name of God, the Father and Lord of the universe, and of our Savior Jesus Christ, and of the Holy Spirit, they then receive the washing with water.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. Jesus Christ.
Nativity Crucifixion Resurrection. Bible Foundations. History Tradition. Denominations Groups. Related topics. Apostles' Creed. Nicene Creed.
Main articles: Jesus in Christianity and Christ title. See also: Incarnation Christianity and Jesus in comparative mythology. Main articles: Crucifixion of Jesus and Resurrection of Jesus.
Main article: Salvation in Christianity. Main article: Trinity. Main article: Trinitarianism. Main article: Nontrinitarianism. Main article: Christian eschatology.
Main articles: Christian worship and Church service. See also: Mass liturgy , Reformed worship , and Contemporary worship.
Main article: Sacrament. And this food is called among us Eukharistia [the Eucharist], of which no one is allowed to partake but the man who believes that the things which we teach are true, and who has been washed with the washing that is for the remission of sins, and unto regeneration, and who is so living as Christ has enjoined.
For not as common bread and common drink do we receive these; but in like manner as Jesus Christ our Savior, having been made flesh by the Word of God, had both flesh and blood for our salvation, so likewise have we been taught that the food which is blessed by the prayer of His word, and from which our blood and flesh by transmutation are nourished, is the flesh and blood of that Jesus who was made flesh.
Main article: Liturgical year. See also: Calendar of saints. Main article: Christian symbolism. Main article: Baptism. Main article: Prayer in Christianity.
Further information: Canonical hours. Your kingdom come. Your will be done on earth as it is in heaven. Give us today our daily bread.
Forgive us our debts, as we also forgive our debtors. Lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. Main articles: Bible , Biblical canon , Development of the Christian biblical canon , and Religious text.
Main article: Catholic theology of Scripture. Main article: History of Christianity. Main article: Christianity in the 1st century. Main article: Christianity in the ante-Nicene period.
See also: Edict of Thessalonica. Main articles: Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation. See also: European wars of religion.
Main articles: Christianity by country and Christian population growth. See also: Christendom and Christian state.
Further information: List of Christian denominations , List of Christian denominations by number of members , and List of schisms in Christianity.
See also: Ecclesiology. Major denominational families in Christianity: This box: view talk edit. Western Christianity. Eastern Christianity.
Latin Church. Catholic Church. Eastern Catholic Churches. Eastern Orthodox Church. Oriental Orthodox Churches. Church of the East.
Schism Assyrian Church of the East. Ancient Church of the East. Protestant Reformation. Great Schism. Council of Ephesus Council of Chalcedon Early Christianity.
State church of the Roman Empire. Full communion. Main article: Catholic Church. Main article: Eastern Orthodox Church.
Main article: Oriental Orthodoxy. Main article: Assyrian Church of the East. Main articles: Protestantism and Proto-Protestantism.
See also: Protestant ecclesiology. Major branches. Minor branches. Broad-based movements. Charismatic movement Evangelicalism Neo-charismatic movement.
Other developments. Related movements. House churches Nondenominational Christianity Spiritual Christianity. Main article: Restorationism. Main articles: Christian culture and Role of Christianity in civilization.
Further information: Protestant culture and Christian influences in Islam. Christian culture. Main article: Ecumenism.
Main article: Persecution of Christians. Christianity portal Religion portal. Some English translations of the New Testament capitalize 'the Way' e.
Retrieved 1 January Kimbrough, ed. Orthodox and Wesleyan Scriptural understanding and practice. St Vladimir's Seminary Press.
Amsterdam University Press. Retrieved 18 October The enthusiasm for evangelization among the Christians was also accompanied by the awareness that the most immediate problem to solve was how to serve the huge number of new converts.
Simatupang said, if the number of the Christians were double or triple, then the number of the ministers should also be doubled or tripled and the tole of the laity should be maximized and Christian service to society through schools, universities, hospitals and orphanages, should be increased.
In addition, for him the Christian mission should be involved in the struggle for justice amid the process of modernization.
Doing Faith Justice. Paulist Press. Theologians, bishops, and preachers urged the Christian community to be as compassionate as their God was, reiterating that creation was for all of humanity.
They also accepted and developed the identification of Christ with the poor and the requisite Christian duty to the poor. Religious congregations and individual charismatic leaders promoted the development of a number of helping institutions-hospitals, hospices for pilgrims , orphanages, shelters for unwed mothers-that laid the foundation for the modern "large network of hospitals, orphanages and schools, to serve the poor and society at large.
Chalice Press. March In the central provinces of India they established schools, orphanages, hospitals, and churches, and spread the gospel message in zenanas.
Center for the Study of Global Christianity. Retrieved 17 October Pew Research Center. Retrieved 17 August BBC News. Retrieved 7 October The Guardian.
Peterson , "Christianus. Catholics United for the Fath. February Retrieved 16 June Glastonbury Review Archived from the original on 19 June The United Methodist Church.
Archived from the original on 14 January Retrieved 31 December The History of the Church. Resurrection: The Capstone in the Arch of Christianity.
Australian Catholic University National. Archived from the original on 1 September Retrieved 16 May The Essential Jesus. Journal of Biblical Literature.
Retrieved 3 April Oxford, , p. Catechism of the Catholic Church. Archived from the original on 15 August Richard Niebuhr ; About.
Early Christian Doctrines. New Dictionary of Biblical Theology. Historical Theology. Oxford Companion to the Bible. The Athanasian Creed.
Ignatius of Antioch in Letter to the Ephesians , ch. Irenaeus in Against Heresies , ch. Eerdmans Publishing Co. Albright, William F. From the Stone Age to Christianity.
Alexander, T. Bahnsen, Greg. A Reformed Confession Regarding Hermeneutics article 6. Ball, Bryan; Johnsson, William ed.
Pacific Press Barrett, David; Kurian, Tom and others. World Christian Encyclopedia. Oxford University Press Barry, John F.
William H. Sadlier Is Christianity True? Darlington, Eng. Documents of the Christian Church. Bokenkotter, Thomas A Concise History of the Catholic Church.
The Byzantine Empire. The Canon of Scripture. Cameron, Averil The Byzantines. Oxford: Blackwell. The Western Experience. Alfred A.
Knopf Coffey, John. Persecution and Toleration in Protestant England — Pearson Education Cross, F. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church.
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